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<title>Seattle Fault</title>

Seattle Fault

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FF91A4">Seattle Fault</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The Seattle Fault cuts across <a href="Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> and into <a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> itself. Restoration Point in the foreground, Alki Point is barely seen at the right edge of the picture.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:47.61,-122.333">47°36′36″N 122°19′59″W / 47.610°N 122.333°W / 47.610; -122.333</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FF91A4">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Puget_Sound_faults" title="Puget Sound faults">Puget Sound faults</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">70 km (43 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FF91A4">Tectonics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Notable_earthquake"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 CE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Fault_(geology)#Fault_types" title="Fault (geology)">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Tectonic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic movement">Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Reverse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">Age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>-recent (40-0 Ma)</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Seattle Fault is a zone of multiple shallow east–west <a href="Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> that cross the Puget Sound Lowland and through <a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (in the <a href="U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>) in the vicinity of <a href="Interstate_90_in_Washington" title="Interstate 90 in Washington">Interstate Highway 90</a>. The Seattle Fault was first recognized as a significant seismic hazard in 1992, when a set of reports showed that about 1,100 years ago it was the scene of a major <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> of about magnitude 7 – an event that entered Native American oral traditions. Extensive research has since shown the Seattle Fault to be part of a <a href="Puget_Sound_faults" title="Puget Sound faults">regional system of faults</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_earthquake">Notable earthquake</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Lake_Washington_sunken_forests" title="Lake Washington sunken forests">Lake Washington sunken forests</a></div>

First suspected from mapping of gravitational anomalies in 1965<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and an uplifted <a href="Marine_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine terrace">marine terrace</a> at Restoration Point (foreground in picture above), the Seattle Fault's existence and likely hazard were definitively established by a set of five reports published in Science in 1992. These reports looked at the timing of abrupt uplift and subsidence around Restoration Point and <a href="Alki_Point%2C_Seattle" title="Alki Point, Seattle">Alki Point</a> (distant right side of picture),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Tsunami_deposit" title="Tsunami deposit">tsunami deposits</a> on Puget Sound,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> turbidity in lake paleosediments,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> rock avalanches,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and multiple landslides around Lake Washington,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and determined that all these happened about 1,100 years ago (between 923 and 924 <a href="Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and most likely due to an earthquake of magnitude 7 or greater on the Seattle Fault.

Although the 923-924 CE earthquake was over a thousand years ago, local traditional stories have preserved an association of a powerful supernatural spirit – a'yahos, noted for shaking, rushes of water, and landsliding – with five locales along the trace of the Seattle Fault, including a "spirit boulder" called <a href="Psai-Yah-hus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psai-Yah-hus">Psai-Yah-hus</a> near the <a href="Fauntleroy%2C_Seattle" title="Fauntleroy, Seattle">Fauntleroy</a> ferry dock in West Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div>

The Seattle Fault is the structural boundary where 50–60 million years old (early <a href="Tertiary_period" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary</a>) <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> of the Crescent Formation on the south has been uplifted – the Seattle Uplift – and is tipping into the Seattle Basin, where the Tertiary bedrock is buried under at least 7 km (4.3 miles) of relatively softer, lighter sedimentary strata of the younger Blakeley and Blakely Harbor formations.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This has resulted in a 4 to 7 km (2.5 to 4.3 miles) wide zone of complex faulting, with three or more main south-dipping <a href="Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Most of the faulting is "blind" (not reaching the surface), and generally difficult to locate because of heavy vegetation or development. Three principal strands have been identified, their location determined by high-resolution <a href="Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">seismic reflection</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="Aeromagnetic_survey" title="Aeromagnetic survey">aeromagnetic</a> surveys.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The northernmost strand lies nearly along Interstate 90 and then under <a href="Lake_Sammamish" title="Lake Sammamish">Lake Sammamish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The central section of the fault zone – where it crosses the apparent location of the <a href="Olympic%E2%80%93Wallowa_Lineament" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic–Wallowa Lineament">Olympic–Wallowa Lineament</a> – shows marked variation in the location of the strands and of the underlying structure, but the nature and significance of this is not understood.

The fault extends for approximately 70 km (43 miles)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> from near <a href="Fall_City%2C_Washington" title="Fall City, Washington">Fall City</a> on the east, where it appears to be terminated by the <a href="Puget_Sound_faults#SWIF" title="Puget Sound faults">South Whidbey Island Fault</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> to <a href="Hood_Canal" title="Hood Canal">Hood Canal</a> on the west<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (not shown on the map). However, boundaries defining the western termination zone is currently unclear (see <a href="Puget_Sound_faults#Question_of_western_termination" title="Puget Sound faults">Puget Sound faults#Question of western termination</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>). It is the northern edge of the Seattle Uplift, of which the <a href="Tacoma_Fault" title="Tacoma Fault">Tacoma Fault</a> is the southern edge. One model has the Seattle and Tacoma faults converging at depth to form a wedge, which is being popped up by approximately north–south oriented compression that ultimately derives from plate tectonics.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Another model (see diagram) interprets the Seattle Uplift as a sheet of rock that is being forced up a ramp.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Subsequent work suggests that the structure of the Seattle Fault may vary from east to west, with both models being applicable in different sections.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A later model has part of the north-thrusting sheet forming a wedge between the sedimentary formations of the Seattle Basin and the underlying bedrock.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

The Seattle Fault is believed to date from about 40 million years ago (late <a href="Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This is about the time that the strike-slip movement on the north-striking <a href="Straight_Creek_Fault" title="Straight Creek Fault">Straight Creek Fault</a> to the east ceased, due to the intrusions of <a href="Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It appears that when the Straight Creek Fault became stuck the north–south compressive force that it had accommodated by strike-slip motion was transferred to the crust of the Puget Lowland, which subsequently folded and faulted, and the various blocks jammed over one another.

Other scarps associated with the Seattle fault have been identified by <a href="LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a>-based mapping;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> trenching has generally shown the faulting to be more complex than was first realized.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Many of the details of the Seattle Fault, including recurrence rate, remain to be resolved. A study of sediments in Lake Washington found evidence of seven large (M > 7) earthquakes in the last 3,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Surface <a href="Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">scarps</a> due to faulting are rarely observed in this area (due to topography, vegetation, and urbanization); a rare exception can be seen at Mee Kwa Mooks Park south of <a href="Alki_Point%2C_Seattle" title="Alki Point, Seattle">Alki Point</a>. This is the site of the West Seattle Fault; the prominent rise there is due to uplift on the north side of the fault.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazard">Hazard</h2></div>

The Seattle Fault (and the related Tacoma Fault) is not the only source of earthquake hazard in the Puget Lowland. Other faults in the near surface continental crust, such as the <a href="Puget_Sound_faults#SWIF" title="Puget Sound faults">South Whidbey Island Fault</a> (near Everett), and the yet to be studied <a href="Puget_Sound_faults#OS" title="Puget Sound faults">Olympia Fault</a> (near Olympia), though historically quiescent, are suspected of generating earthquakes of around magnitude 7. Others, such as the <a href="2001_Nisqually_earthquake" title="2001 Nisqually earthquake">2001 Nisqually earthquake</a>, originate about 50 to 60 km (31 to 37 miles) below Puget Sound in the <a href="Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Benioff zone</a> of the subducting <a href="Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca plate</a>; being so deep their energy is dissipated. And there are the infrequent but very powerful great subduction events, such as the magnitude 9 <a href="1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">1700 Cascadia earthquake</a>, where the entire <a href="Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>, from <a href="Cape_Mendocino" title="Cape Mendocino">Cape Mendocino</a> to <a href="Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, slips.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

But the Seattle and Tacoma faults are probably the most serious earthquake threat to the populous Seattle–Tacoma area. A 2002 study of bridge vulnerability estimated that a magnitude 7 earthquake on the Seattle Fault would damage approximately 80 bridges in the Seattle–Tacoma area,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> whereas a magnitude 9 subduction event would damage only around 87 bridges in all of Western Washington.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The same study also found that with failure of just six bridges (the minimum damage for a Benioff M 6.5 event) there could be at least $3 billion lost in business revenue alone.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Subsequent retrofitting by the <a href="Washington_Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Department of Transportation">Washington Department of Transportation</a> and the City of Seattle would likely reduce damage to key bridges. But there is concern that such an earthquake on the Seattle Fault would devastate <a href="Unreinforced_masonry_building" title="Unreinforced masonry building">unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings</a>, of which the City of Seattle is estimated to have around a thousand, concentrated in <a href="Capitol_Hill%2C_Seattle" title="Capitol Hill, Seattle">Capitol Hill</a>, <a href="Pioneer_Square%2C_Seattle" title="Pioneer Square, Seattle">Pioneer Square</a>, and the <a href="Chinatown%E2%80%93International_District%2C_Seattle" title="Chinatown–International District, Seattle">International District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

Other recent work<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> indicates that the Seattle Fault can generate two types of earthquakes; both pose "considerable hazard" to the Seattle metropolitan region. The A.D. 900–930 earthquake is believed to be the only instance in the past 7,000 years of the type that causes a regional uplift. The other type is more localized and shallower (and therefore more damaging); at least four such events are believed to have occurred in the past 3,000 years on the west end of the fault. (The history of the central and eastern segments is not known.)

Calculations based on fault length and <a href="Paleoseismological" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoseismological">paleoseismological</a> studies show that the Seattle Fault can generate a very damaging magnitude 7.0 earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In addition to extensive damage to unreinforced structures and structures built on fill (such as much of Seattle's Pioneer Square area, the industrial area, and the waterfront), computer modeling has shown that such earthquakes could cause a tsunami of about 2 m (6 feet 7 inches) high on <a href="Elliott_Bay" title="Elliott Bay">Elliott Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The modeling shows that such a tsunami would also inundate the industrial areas on <a href="Commencement_Bay" title="Commencement Bay">Commencement Bay</a> 30 miles south (Tacoma) and low-lying areas on the Puyallup River delta.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is also concern that a severe or prolonged event could cause failure of the <a href="Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River">Duwamish</a> or <a href="Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup River</a> deltas, where the main port facilities for Seattle and Tacoma are located (Harbor Island and Commencement Bay).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacoma_Fault" title="Tacoma Fault">Tacoma Fault</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanesothers1965">Danes & others 1965</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBucknamothers1992">Bucknam & others 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwaterMoore1992">Atwater & Moore 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlinAbella1992">Karlin & Abella 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchusterothers1992">Schuster & others 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobyothers1992">Jacoby & others 1992</a>.

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackPearlPearsonPringle2023" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Bryan A.; Pearl, Jessie K.; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Pringle, Patrick T.; Frank, David C.; Page, Morgan T.; Buckley, Brendan M.; Cook, Edward R.; Harley, Grant L.; King, Karen J.; Hughes, Jonathan F.; Reynolds, David J.; Sherrod, Brian L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10530078">"A multifault earthquake threat for the Seattle metropolitan region revealed by mass tree mortality"</a>. Science Advances. 9 (39): eadh4973. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SciA....9H4973B">2023SciA....9H4973B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adh4973">10.1126/sciadv.adh4973</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10530078">10530078</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37756412">37756412</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudwinothers2005">Ludwin & others 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBuerge1985">Buerge 1985</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Excerpt from DGER Geological Map <a href="#CITEREFGM-52">GM-52</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrattothers1997">Pratt & others 1997</a>, p.27,471; <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonothers1994">Johnson & others 1994</a>, p.72; <a href="#CITEREFNelsonothers2003">Nelson & others 2003</a>, p.1389.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQFFDB_Fault_570">QFFDB Fault 570</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonothers1999">Johnson & others 1999</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakelyothers2002">Blakely & others 2002</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakelyothers2002">Blakely & others 2002</a>, p.170.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakelyothers2002">Blakely & others 2002</a>, p.170; <a href="#CITEREFQFFDB_Fault_570">QFFDB Fault 570</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDragovichothers2009">Dragovich & others 2009</a>, GM-73.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakelyothers2009">Blakely & others 2009</a>, p.118; <a href="#CITEREFLiberty2009">Liberty 2009</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonothers2008">Anderson & others 2008</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrocherothers2001">Brocher & others 2001</a>, p.13,558.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrattothers1997">Pratt & others 1997</a>, § 4.3 and figure 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonothers2004">Johnson & others 2004</a>, § 72.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelseyothers2008">Kelsey & others 2008</a>. See also <a href="#CITEREFNelsonothers2003">Nelson & others 2003</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrattothers1997">Pratt & others 1997</a>, p.27,481; <a href="#CITEREFBlakelyothers2002">Blakely & others 2002</a>, p.169.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanceMiller1994">Vance & Miller 1994</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTaborothers1984">Tabor & others 1984</a>, pp.26, 43.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaugerudothers2003">Haugerud & others 2003</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelsonothers2003">Nelson & others 2003</a>, p.1389.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlinAbella1992">Karlin & Abella 1992</a>, p.1619; <a href="#CITEREFKarlinothers2004">Karlin & others 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelseyothers2008">Kelsey & others 2008</a>, p.1588; <a href="#CITEREFTroostBooth2004">Troost & Booth 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBucknamothers1992">Bucknam & others 1992</a>, p. 1611; <a href="#CITEREFFisherothers2005">Fisher & others 2005</a>, p. 8.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallantyneothers2002">Ballantyne & others 2002</a>, p.9.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The much greater energy of subduction earthquake is spread out over a larger area, and concentrated mainly on the coast, where there is less development.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallantyneothers2002">Ballantyne & others 2002</a>, p.11.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwansonFindlay2007">Swanson & Findlay 2007</a>, "Executive Summary", § 2.1.3, and figure 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelseyothers2008">Kelsey & others 2008</a>, p. 1596.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBucknamothers1992">Bucknam & others 1992</a>, p. 1613.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoshimuraMofjeld2001">Koshimura & Mofjeld 2001</a>, p. 872.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalshothers2009">Walsh & others 2009</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzalezothers2003">Gonzalez & others 2003</a>, § 3; <a href="#CITEREFKayenBarnhardt2007">Kayen & Barnhardt 2007</a>.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

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<li><cite id="CITEREFKelseyothers2008" class="citation cs2">Kelsey, H. M.; Sherrod, B. L.; Nelson, A. R.; Brocher, T. M. (November–December 2008), "Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone.", GSA Bulletin, 120 (11/12): 1581–1597, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GSAB..120.1581K">2008GSAB..120.1581K</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB26282.1">10.1130/B26282.1</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKoshimuraMofjeld2001" class="citation cs2">Koshimura, S.; Mofjeld, H. O. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/publications/search_abstract.php?fmContributionNum=2395">"Inundation modeling of local tsunamis in Puget Sound, Washington, due to potential earthquakes"</a>, ITS 2001 Proceedings (Session 7, Number 7–18): 861–873</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLiberty2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Liberty, L. M. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/08HQGR0075.pdf">"The western extension of the Seattle fault: new insights from seismic reflection data"</a> (PDF), U.S. Geological Survey, NEHRP, Project Award Number 08HQGR0075</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLudwinothers2005" class="citation cs2">Ludwin, R. S.; Thrush, C. P.; Buerge, D.; Jonientz-Trisler, C.; Rasmussen, J.; Troost, K.; de los Angeles, A. (July–August 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnsn.org/HIST_CAT/SRL76-4Ludwin.pdf">"Serpent Spirit-power Stories along the Seattle Fault"</a> (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 76 (4): 426–431, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SeiRL..76..426L">2005SeiRL..76..426L</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2Fgssrl.76.4.426">10.1785/gssrl.76.4.426</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNelsonothers2003" class="citation cs2">Nelson, A. R.; Johnson, S. Y.; Kelsey, H. M.; Wells, R. E.; Sherrod, B. L.; Pezzopane, S. K.; Bradley, L.; Koehler, R. D.; Bucknam, R. C. (November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cocc.edu/breynolds/classes/UO_Geol_353/Seattle%20paleoearthquakes.pdf">"Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington"</a> (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 115 (11): 1368–1403, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GSAB..115.1388N">2003GSAB..115.1388N</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB25262.1">10.1130/B25262.1</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrattothers1997" class="citation cs2">Pratt, T. L.; Johnson, S. Y.; Potter, C. J.; Stephenson, W. J. (10 December 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/tpratt/JGR97.pdf">"Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis"</a> (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (B12): 27, 469–27, 490, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...10227469P">1997JGR...10227469P</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97JB01830">10.1029/97JB01830</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchusterothers1992" class="citation cs2">Schuster, R. L.; Logan, R. L.; Pringle, P. T. (4 December 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/sci;258/5088/1620.pdf">"Prehistoric Rock Avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington"</a> (PDF), Science, 258: 1620–1621, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...258.1620S">1992Sci...258.1620S</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.258.5088.1620">10.1126/science.258.5088.1620</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17742528">17742528</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34847168">34847168</a></cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFTaborothers1984" class="citation cs2">Tabor, R. W.; Frizzell, V. A. Jr.; Vance, J. A.; Naeser, C. W. (January 1984), "Ages and stratigraphy of lower and middle Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the central Cascades, Washington: Application to the tectonic history of the Straight Creek fault", GSA Bulletin, 95 (1): 26–44, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984GSAB...95...26T">1984GSAB...95...26T</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281984%2995%3C26%3AAASOLA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<26:AASOLA>2.0.CO;2</a></cite></li>

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</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMooreRolandBennettWatt2022" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, G. L.; Roland, E.; Bennett, S. E. K.; Watt, J.; Kluesner, J.; Brothers, D.; Myers, E. (2022). "High-Resolution Marine Seismic Imaging of the Seattle Fault Zone: Near-Surface Insights into Fault Zone Geometry, Quaternary Deformation, and Long-Term Evolution". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 112 (5): 2715–2744. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BuSSA.112.2715M">2022BuSSA.112.2715M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0120220013">10.1785/0120220013</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-1106">0037-1106</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251698220">251698220</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1560/p1560po.pdf">USGS Professional Paper 1560: Assessing Earthquake Hazards and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest</a> Technical, but readable. And has many good pictures.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/">USGS: Reducing Earthquake Hazards in the Pacific Northwest</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/groundmotion/movies">USGS: Earthquake ground motion movies</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050222022758/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002185299_earthquake20m.html">"Pinpointing devastation if Seattle Fault ruptures"</a>, The Seattle Times, 2005-02-20, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002185299_earthquake20m.html">the original</a> on 2005-02-22, retrieved 2019-01-15</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeri.org/projects/earthquake-scenarios/seattle-fault-scenario/">Scenario for a Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake on the Seattle Fault</a> Vivid and comprehensive.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/ujnr/tc/g/pdf/21/21-9-2kapur.pdf">Washington State's Bridge Seismic Retrofit Program</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vashonbeprepared.org/media/VashonEarthquakeStudy.pdf">Earthquake Study: Four Vashon-Specific Scenarios</a> Considerations for all islands.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/pugetsound/pre2/">Puget Sound Tsunami Inundation Modeling (NOAA)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr2003-14_tsunami_hazard_elliottbay.pdf">Elliott Bay inundation map (DNR)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/PDF/wals2794/wals2794.pdf">Tsunami Hazard Map of the Elliott Bay Area (NOAA)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/">Additional inundation maps (DNR Publications)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pugetsoundlidar.ess.washington.edu/faults">Puget Sound Lidar Consortium</a> Use of Lidar for locating faults.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Major_seismically_active_faults_of_North_America165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismically active</a> <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America (crosses national borders)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a> (US–RU)</li>

<li><a href="Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> (US–MX)</li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a> (CA–GL)</li>

<li><a href="Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a> (US–CA)</li>

<li><a href="Clarendon-Linden_fault_system" title="Clarendon-Linden fault system">Clarendon-Linden fault system</a> (US–CA)</li>

<li><a href="Denali_Fault" title="Denali Fault">Denali Fault</a> (US–CA)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province" title="Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province">Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province</a> (CA–US)</li>

<li><a href="Puget_Sound_faults" title="Puget Sound faults">Puget Sound faults</a> (US–CA)</li>

<li><a href="Rio_Grande_rift" title="Rio Grande rift">Rio Grande rift</a> (US–MX)</li>

<li><a href="San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> (US–MX)</li>

<li><a href="Southern_Great_Lakes_seismic_zone" title="Southern Great Lakes seismic zone">Southern Great Lakes seismic zone</a> (US–CA)</li>

<li><a href="Tintina_Fault" title="Tintina Fault">Tintina Fault</a> (US–CA)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charlevoix_seismic_zone" title="Charlevoix seismic zone">Charlevoix seismic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurentian_Slope_seismic_zone" title="Laurentian Slope seismic zone">Laurentian Slope seismic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Leech_River_Fault" title="Leech River Fault">Leech River Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_Charlotte_Fault" title="Queen Charlotte Fault">Queen Charlotte Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Saguenay_Graben" title="Saguenay Graben">Saguenay Graben</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Lawrence_rift_system" title="Saint Lawrence rift system">Saint Lawrence rift system</a></li>

<li><a href="Timiskaming_Graben" title="Timiskaming Graben">Timiskaming Graben</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Quebec_seismic_zone" title="Western Quebec seismic zone">Western Quebec seismic zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washington and Oregon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brothers_Fault_Zone" title="Brothers Fault Zone">Brothers Fault Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Olympic%E2%80%93Wallowa_lineament" title="Olympic–Wallowa lineament">Olympic–Wallowa lineament</a></li>

<li><a href="Puget_Sound_faults" title="Puget Sound faults">Puget Sound</a> (, <a href="Tacoma_Fault" title="Tacoma Fault">Tacoma Fault</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Walker_Lane" title="Walker Lane">Walker Lane</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calaveras_Fault" title="Calaveras Fault">Calaveras Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Garlock_Fault" title="Garlock Fault">Garlock Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayward_Fault_Zone" title="Hayward Fault Zone">Hayward Fault Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendocino_fracture_zone" title="Mendocino fracture zone">Mendocino fracture zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Newport%E2%80%93Inglewood_Fault" title="Newport–Inglewood Fault">Newport–Inglewood Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Puente_Hills_Fault" title="Puente Hills Fault">Puente Hills Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Rose_Canyon_Fault" title="Rose Canyon Fault">Rose Canyon Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Jacinto_Fault_Zone" title="San Jacinto Fault Zone">San Jacinto Fault Zone</a> (<a href="Elsinore_Fault_Zone" title="Elsinore Fault Zone">Elsinore Fault Zone</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Independence_Valley_fault_system" title="Independence Valley fault system">Independence Valley fault system</a></li>

<li><a href="Moab_Fault" title="Moab Fault">Moab Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Teton_Fault" title="Teton Fault">Teton Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasatch_Fault" title="Wasatch Fault">Wasatch Fault</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Plains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Humboldt_Fault" title="Humboldt Fault">Humboldt Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Point%E2%80%93Eureka_Heights_fault_system" title="Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system">Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system</a></li>

<li><a href="Meers_Fault" title="Meers Fault">Meers Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemaha_Ridge" title="Nemaha Ridge">Nemaha Fault Zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marianna_Fault" title="Marianna Fault">Marianna Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Madrid_seismic_zone" title="New Madrid seismic zone">New Madrid seismic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandwich_Fault_Zone" title="Sandwich Fault Zone">Sandwich Fault Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Wabash_Valley_seismic_zone" title="Wabash Valley seismic zone">Wabash Valley seismic zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Tennessee_seismic_zone" title="Eastern Tennessee seismic zone">Eastern Tennessee seismic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Appalachians_seismic_zone" title="Northern Appalachians seismic zone">Northern Appalachians seismic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramapo_Fault" title="Ramapo Fault">Ramapo Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_seismic_zones" title="Virginia seismic zones">Virginia seismic zones</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salcha_seismic_zone" title="Salcha seismic zone">Salcha seismic zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean and Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cayman_Trough" title="Cayman Trough">Cayman Trough</a></li>

<li><a href="Chixoy-Polochic_Fault" title="Chixoy-Polochic Fault">Chixoy-Polochic Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Enriquillo%E2%80%93Plantain_Garden_fault_zone" title="Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone">Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone</a> (Cuba)</li>

<li><a href="Gulf_of_California_Rift_Zone" title="Gulf of California Rift Zone">Gulf of California Rift Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesser_Antilles_subduction_zone" title="Lesser Antilles subduction zone">Lesser Antilles subduction zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a> (Central America)</li>

<li><a href="Motagua_Fault" title="Motagua Fault">Motagua Fault</a> (Central America)</li>

<li><a href="Pedro_Miguel_Fault" title="Pedro Miguel Fault">Pedro Miguel Fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Seattle_Fault&oldid=1294546713">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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